The science behind penalty shootouts: Analysis and probabilities

One of the most polemic aspects of the game, penalty kicks are dreaded by fans and derided by casuals, but just what does the science say?

Mean percentages of scored penalty kicks in World-and European

World Cup penalty shoot-outs An analysis of World Cup penalty shoot-outs for betting

Penalty shoot-outs are basically still crap-shoots

Soccer math – DW – 06/20/2012

The Perfect Penalty Routine

How To Win A Penalty Shoot-Out In Soccer

A comparison of penalty shootout designs in soccer

How the internet reacted to the Matildas' penalty shootout triumph over France at the Women's World Cup - ABC News

The science behind penalty shootouts: Analysis and probabilities of penalty kicks - AS USA

Priors and Penalties: Finding the best penalty takers with Bayes — American Soccer Analysis

Soccer Penalty Shootouts: Complexity versus Fairness

The psychology behind penalty kicks and reaction time in the World Cup - The Washington Post

The psychology of the penalty shootout: Mentally preparing to score, or save, a game-defining goal - ESPN

The Science of the Penalty Shootout — The Niche Cache

The five most (in)famous World Cup penalty shootouts, Qatar World Cup 2022 News